Trade Globalization, Remittance Inflows, and Environment Nexus in the Middle East and North Africa: Cross-Sectional Dependence Analysis

Trade Globalization, Remittance Inflows, and Environment Nexus in the Middle East and North Africa: Cross-Sectional Dependence Analysis

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Trade globalization and remittance inflows can support economic growth.However, these indicators might have environmental problems due to scale effects in any economy and could be a hurdle in achieving target numbers 8 and 13 of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).Thus, the effects of exports, imports, remittance inflows, and economic growth on CO2 emissions are tested in 16 MENA nightstick twm-850xl economies by using the period 2001-2022 and by using cross-sectional dependence (CSD) econometric techniques.The results confirm the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis with a threshold point of 13,181 US dollars.

6 out of 16 investigated economies are found in the second phase of the EKC and economic growth could have a pleasant effect in these economies.However, the effects of exports, imports, and remittance inflows on CO2 emissions are found positive in the long run.Therefore, exports, imports, and feline 1-hcpch vaccine remittance inflows have environmental problems in this region.Thus, the research proposes to impose taxes on exports, imports, and remittance inflows to mitigate their environmental effects.